Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents, characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Children and adolescents with ADHD may have difficulty staying focused on tasks, following instructions, and organizing activities. They often have trouble sitting still and may act without thinking, interrupt others, or struggle to wait their turn.
These symptoms can lead to challenges in academic performance, social interactions, and overall daily functioning.
There are three primary characteristics of ADHD: Inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, though all three aren’t always prominent in one child.
Children With ADHD May:
- Have trouble staying focused or get easily distracted
- Appear not to be listening when spoken to
- Constantly fidget and squirm
- Talk excessively
- Act without thinking
- Interrupt often, or say the wrong thing at the wrong time
- Have a quick temper or “short fuse”
The exact causes of ADHD are not fully understood, but research suggests a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. A family history of ADHD can increase the likelihood of developing the disorder. Neurobiological factors, such as imbalances in neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine, also play a role. Environmental factors, including prenatal exposure to tobacco, low birth weight, and premature birth may contribute to the development of ADHD. While these factors may increase the risk, it's essential to note that ADHD results from a complex interplay of multiple influences.
Treatment For ADHD May Include:
Treatment for ADHD typically involves a comprehensive approach, including behavioral therapy, medication, and support from parents and educators.
Behavioral therapy focuses on teaching strategies to manage their symptoms and improve their behavior.
Medications generally involve two main types called stimulants and non-stimulants. Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin) and amphetamines (e.g., Adderall), are the most commonly prescribed and work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, which helps improve attention and focus while reducing hyperactive and impulsive behaviors. Non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine (e.g., Strattera) and guanfacine (e.g., Intuniv), are also commonly used and help manage symptoms by targeting different pathways in the brain.
Educational interventions, such as 504 Plans and classroom accommodations, are essential to support academic success. Additionally, creating a structured and supportive home environment, along with educating parents and caregivers about ADHD, plays a critical role in the effective management of the disorder.
Early diagnosis and intervention are key to helping children and adolescents with ADHD lead fulfilling lives and reach their full potential.
Schedule an appointment if you are concerned your child may have ADHD or if they are already diagnosed to discuss treatment options.